The levels of serum vitamin D, measured as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3), among 40 Indonesian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 38 healthy controls were very similar. In both groups the distribution of the serum 25-OHD3 levels were bimodal with about a quarter of the individuals belonging to the group with higher levels. There was a tendency for controls in this group to be tuberculin negative and for patients in this group to have less extensive active pulmonary disease. Although it is uncertain whether such associations result from a direct effect of vitamin D on protective immune reactions, the use of this vitamin as an adjunct to antituberculosis therapy merits consideration.