Resectional surgery for tuberculosis became increasingly common in the 1940s; however, thoracoplasty remained the most popular treatment of choice until the introduction of effective antituberculosis agents. With the development of rifampin in 1966, surgery was seldom needed except for the occasional massive hemoptysis, bronchial stenosis bronchopleural fistula, or to rule out cancer. With the rise of MDR-TB and the increasing MOTT infections requiring surgery, resectional procedures are again being needed in the treatment of mycobacterial disease.