Inflammatory cells and proteins raised in exacerbations of COPD
| Raised marker | Medium | Evidence of resolution | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPO, myeloperoxide; NE, neutrophil elastase; LTB4, leukotriene B4; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CXCL8, interleukin 8; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; EBC, exhaled breath condensate; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. | ||||
| (1) | MPO | Sputum (in purulent samples only | LTB4 only | 25 |
| CXCL8 | ||||
| NE | ||||
| LTB4 | ||||
| Sol:serum albumin ratio | Sputum and serum | |||
| CRP | Serum | |||
| (2) | TNFα | Sputum | Both declined to pre- exacerbation levels | 26 |
| CXCL8 | ||||
| (3) | MPO | Sputum with bacterial eradication | Reduction in MPO and LTB4 | 27 |
| NE | ||||
| LTB4 | ||||
| Sol:serum albumin ratio | Sputum and serum | |||
| (4) | RANTES | Sputum | Not studied | 28 |
| CXCL8 | ||||
| Neutrophil | ||||
| Eosinophils | ||||
| ECP | ||||
| NE | ||||
| (5) | CXCL8 | Plasma | Plasma CXCL8 and sICAM1 reduced significantly.E-selectin did not.H2O2 significantly reduced | 29 |
| ICAM-1 | ||||
| E-selectin | ||||
| H2O2 | EBC | |||
| (6) | CRP | Plasma | No resolution | 23 |
| CXCL8 | ||||
| IL-6 | ||||
| (7) | H2O2 | EBC | Resolution following recovery | 30 |
| CRP | Serum | |||
| ESR | ||||
| MPO | ||||
| (8) | Eosinophil | Bronchial biopsies | Not studied | 31 |
| RANTES | ||||
| (9) | Neutrophil | BAL | Not studied | 16 |
| Eosinophil | ||||
| GM-CSF | ||||